The Ebola virus can 'hide out' in the brain after treatment and cause recurrent infections
- Written by Kevin Zeng, Principal Investigator of Infectious Diseases, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
The Research Brief[1] is a short take about interesting academic work.
The big idea
The Ebola virus can hide in the brains of monkeys that have recovered after medical treatment without causing symptoms and lead to recurrent infections, according to a study by a team I led[2] that was published in the journal Science Translational Medicine[3].
Ebola is one of the deadliest[4] infectious disease threats known to humankind, with an average fatality rate of about 50%[5]. Ebola is known for a high level of viral persistence[6], meaning the virus remains lurking in the body even after a patient has recovered. But where this hiding place is remains largely unknown.
In 2021, there were three Ebola outbreaks in Africa[7], all linked to previously infected survivors. Ebola also reemerged in Guinea[8] that same year, linked to a survivor of the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak.
We wanted to better understand where the Ebola virus “hides” in the body of survivors and what triggers recurrent infections. So we examined 36 rhesus monkeys that had been treated for Ebola with monoclonal antibody therapy[10], a type of treatment that helps the immune system mount an attack against an infection. These monkeys were deemed fully recovered with no symptoms of infection or detectable virus in their blood.
When we looked more closely at the tissues of different organs under a microscope, however, we found that about 20% of recovered monkeys still had visible Ebola virus located exclusively in the ventricular system[11] of the brain. This brain region produces, circulates and stores cerebrospinal fluid[12], which protects, supplies nutrients to and removes waste products from the brain.
Importantly, despite being asymptomatic at the start of our study, two of the monkeys we observed developed Ebola symptoms before dying at 30 and 39 days after their initial infection, respectively. Our findings suggest that the Ebola virus can hide dormant in the brains of survivors even after treatment, and the virus can reactivate and cause fatal infections later on.
This image shows the brain ventricular system of a rhesus monkey that survived Ebola virus infection, where brown indicates viral persistence.
Kevin Zeng, CC BY-NC-ND[13]
Why it matters
Treatment with monoclonal antibodies is the current standard of care for Ebola[14]. But recurrent infections can occur even after apparently successful treatment, and patients can inadvertently transmit the virus and cause new outbreaks.
Our study underscores the importance of careful long-term medical follow-up of successfully treated Ebola survivors to counter the individual and public health cost of recurrent disease. This follow-up, however, will need to be conducted in a way that does not further stigmatize survivors of the disease[15].
What still isn’t known
We still don’t know why the Ebola virus persists in the brain and causes recurrent infections. It is also unclear whether this persistence might be related to monoclonal antibody treatments, and whether other types of therapies, such as antivirals, might produce a different effect. Researchers are still looking into what triggers relapses and whether there might be other parts of the body that may act as reservoirs.
What’s next
Our work highlights the need to more deeply investigate why the Ebola virus persists in the brain. Because the brain is less accessible[16] to monoclonal antibodies, treatments combining both monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs[17] may help prevent and clear persistent Ebola infection and related disease in the brain. Analyzing viral persistence at the molecular level[18] may provide more insight.
[Research into coronavirus and other news from science Subscribe to The Conversation’s new science newsletter[19].]
References
- ^ Research Brief (theconversation.com)
- ^ team I led (www.researchgate.net)
- ^ Science Translational Medicine (doi.org)
- ^ Ebola is one of the deadliest (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ average fatality rate of about 50% (www.afro.who.int)
- ^ viral persistence (doi.org)
- ^ three Ebola outbreaks in Africa (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ Guinea (doi.org)
- ^ CC BY-NC-ND (creativecommons.org)
- ^ monoclonal antibody therapy (www.uptodate.com)
- ^ ventricular system (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ cerebrospinal fluid (medlineplus.gov)
- ^ CC BY-NC-ND (creativecommons.org)
- ^ standard of care for Ebola (www.statnews.com)
- ^ stigmatize survivors of the disease (longreads.trust.org)
- ^ less accessible (doi.org)
- ^ combining both monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs (doi.org)
- ^ molecular level (doi.org)
- ^ Subscribe to The Conversation’s new science newsletter (memberservices.theconversation.com)
Authors: Kevin Zeng, Principal Investigator of Infectious Diseases, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
