Ukrainian citizens fled across the border to Medyka, Poland, after Russia’s attack on Ukraine on Feb. 24, 2022. Agnieszka Majchrowicz/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)^[1]

Carla Martinez Machain, Professor of Political Science, Kansas State University, and Susan H. Allen, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Mississippi

Russia launched its invasion of Ukraine very early in the morning on Feb. 24, 2022, by launching missiles^[2] at military targets, including airfields and military command centers in major Ukrainian cities^[3].

As researchers^[4] who study^[5] how bombing is used to obtain concessions from other countries, we think Russia’s strategy of attacking strategic Ukrainian military targets^[6] will likely be an effective^[7] way of using force^[8] to make Ukraine meet Russia’s demands, such as giving up territory.

Russia is not engaging only in a campaign of air power, which would have signaled a lack of willingness for it to incur monetary and human costs^[9]. Using only drones or cyberattacks would also carry a low risk for Russian casualties.

Russia has instead launched a multipronged invasion that includes ground forces entering Ukraine^[10] from Russia, Belarus and Crimea, a Ukrainian peninsula Russia annexed in 2014.

This varied approach decreases the likelihood^[11] of Russia’s making a quick, low-casualty victory, but it also signals Russia’s resolve^[12] for war. Such a combined-forces attack compels Ukraine^[13] to react simultaneously^[14] to multiple forms of aggression.

Even when civilians are not targeted, the use of airstrikes^[15] increases civilian casualties^[16].

The number of people hurt and killed in Ukraine because of this invasion is likely to be high.

Liam Collins, Founding Director, Modern War Institute, United States Military Academy West Point

The Russian invasion of Ukraine could be an extremely costly fight for both nations. Regardless of the outcome, Russian President Vladimir Putin’s decision is already a historic act of aggression, one that has not been witnessed on the European continent since World War II^[17].

Of course, one significant difference now is that Russia has nuclear weapons. Putin appears to have threatened^[18] their use when he stated that the “consequences” of an attempt to strike back at his invasion would provoke a response “never seen in history.”

One of Putin’s potential goals is to increase the territory of the self-proclaimed, Russia-aligned Donetsk People’s Republic^[19] and Luhansk People’s Republic^[20] which he recognized as independent on Feb. 21, 2022^[21].

Putin’s decrees also present the Russian invasion as simply coming to the defense of a sovereign territory, even if every other nation, as well as the Minsk agreement^[22] that Russia signed, recognizes the territories as being part of Ukraine.

A woman walks past the debris in the aftermath of Russian shelling, in Mariupol, Ukraine, Feb. 24, 2022. AP Photo/Evgeniy Maloletka^[23]

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Authors: Carla Martinez Machain, Professor of Political Science, Kansas State University

Read more https://theconversation.com/military-experts-react-to-ukraine-invasion-assess-potential-for-widespread-aggression-and-risks-to-us-177822