Arctic terns fly more than 40,000 miles each year, the longest migration in the animal kingdom. Their long, pointed wings – in scientific terms, a high hand-wing index – and forked tails make them fast, maneuverable flyers. Jamumiwa/Wikipedia, CC BY-SA^[12][13]

If you fly a lot, like an airline that operates 4,500 daily flights or a swift that flies 10 months out of every year^[14], every reduced ounce counts. And consequences are harsher for the swift. Animals can’t buy energy in the form of fuel – they have to find food and consume it, which itself requires energy.

On the other hand, if you are a rooster that only barely flies, you might be able to afford a bit of extra weight in the form of a weapon.

Leg spurs on a male wild turkey. Paul VanDerWerf/Flickr, CC BY^[15][16]

In other words, given the cost of flying, it makes sense that birds should be able to afford weapons only if they don’t depend too much on flight. This trade-off is supported by mathematical flight models^[17] and measurements of the cost of flight in real birds^[18], which show that carrying avian weapons such as leg or wing spurs in flight costs more “fuel” the more a bird flies and the lighter the rest of its body is.

Avian spurs

To be sure, some birds do have weapons specialized for fighting – just not very many species. And the weapons that birds do carry aren’t as big, heavy or flashy as in other animals. Rooster spurs^[19], a classic example, are about as antlerlike as bird weapons get.

About 170 species – less than 2% of all existing avian species – possess spurs on their legs or wings. Spurred legs are only found on landfowl^[20] – birds that mostly feed on the ground – including turkeys^[21], pheasants^[22], peacocks^[23] and many of their relatives^[24].

Two roosters fight for territory in Kauai, Hawaii, using their leg spurs to strike each other.

Wing spurs are less common and more dispersed across bird species. Examples include lapwings^[25], jacanas^[26], sheathbills^[27] and some ducks, geese^[28] and doves. Wing spurs are typically located on the bird’s wrists and vary in form from blunt knobs^[29] to sharp spikes^[30].

For the purpose of testing the fight-or-flight idea, it’s good news that some species carry weapons. This allows us to analyze our expectation that spurs should be found more often in species that depend less on flight than on those that fly frequently.

Masked lapwings have yellow spurs on the carpal joints of their wings. Heather Paul/Flickr, CC BY-ND^[31][32]

Luckily, we were able to draw on a global data set of the hand-wing index – a metric of wing shape that scientists use to quantify how well various bird species are adapted for flight and hence, presumably, how much they depend on it. This information was recently made available for every living bird species^[33].

Our findings showed clear connections across bird species between the presence of spurs and flight behavior. On average, species that depend more on flight have fewer or no spurs. Among species that do have spurs, longer spurs tend to appear in larger-sized species.

Using evolutionary models^[34], we also looked back at the historical process that led to this current fight-or-flight situation. We found that species that depended more on flight were more likely to lose spurs over time than species that flew only occasionally. In other words, the absence of spurs on most birds today is likely the result of species that were frequent flyers losing spurs, not occasional flyers gaining them.

Many bird species rely on some combination of plumage, songs and dances to attract mates rather than fighting.

To fight or not to fight

Our findings show that flight is a very good explanation for why birds don’t impress much in the weaponry department. But that doesn’t necessarily translate to peace and love. For example, hawks use their talons as weapons in violent fights^[35], and toucans do the same with their bills^[36].

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We shouldn’t expect these cases to be the rule, though. That’s because claws and bills are essential for other tasks like foraging, feeding, thermoregulating, preening and anchoring. In contrast, spurs’ and antlers’ only function is to fight. Using claws and bills in combat can mean compromising other essential functions. For example, in 2017, Chinese engineers designed a titanium alloy bill for a captive crane that broke its bill during a fight and consequently lost the ability to feed without human help^[38].

Competition for space at feeders doesn’t usually involve actual combat. Holly Occhipinti/Flickr, CC BY^[39][40]

If most birds can neither bear spurs because they compromise flight nor risk features such as their bills because they are essential for other tasks, the solution may be to avoid physical combat as much as possible. Indeed, many birds defend territories primarily by singing or showing off ornaments. Flight preventing the evolution of weapons may thus help explain the striking colors, dances and songs that we find across birds.

The next time you’re outdoors and hear two birds screaming their lungs out^[41] at each other instead of fighting, remember that peace might be the only option evolution gave them.

This article has been updated to clarify that deer have antlers, not horns.

Authors: Alexandre V. Palaoro, Post-doctoral Fellow in Materials Sciences & Engineering, Clemson University

Read more https://theconversation.com/deer-have-antlers-walruses-have-tusks-heres-why-so-few-birds-have-weapons-of-their-own-177792